DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM AND DEMODEX BREVIS

Zuzanna Marcinowska, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Damian Czepita, Aleksandra Łanocha

Abstract


Demodex are cosmopolitan mites occurring in many species of mammals. Two morphologically distinct Demodex species parasitize on humans: Demodex folliculorum (Simon, 1842) and Demodex brevis (Akbulatova, 1963). Until recently, these species have been regarded as commensals; now they are considered as parasitic organisms. In people, Demodex spp. can be found mainly in the sebaceous glands of the skin (mainly in the area of the forehead, cheeks, nose, behind ears and neck), in hearing aids, and on the scalp, covered with hair. Infection with demodex happens through direct contact with infected bed linen, towels, creams and other cosmetics. Despite the high prevalence of Demodex spp. in the human population, symptoms of demodecosis are not common, and can be found mainly in people with weakened immune systems due to aging or a number of diseases.


Keywords


Demodex folliculorum; Demodex brevis

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Desch C.E.: Human Hair follicle mites and forensic acarology. Exp Appl Acarol. 2009, 49, 143–146.

Kuchenmeister F.: On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body: a manual of their natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. Sydenham Society. 1877, 15–19.

Desch C., Nutting W.B.: Demodex folliculorum (Simon) and D. brevis Akbulatova of man: redescription and reevaluation. J Parasitol. 1972, 58, 169–177.

Czepita D., Kuźna-Grygiel W., Czepita M., Grobelny A.: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis as a cause of chronic marginal blepharitis. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2007, 53, 1, 63–67.

Izdebska J.N.: Roztocze skórne człowieka i zwierząt domowych. In: Alergologia w praktyce. Alergia na roztocze. Red. B. Majkowska-Wojciechowska. Mediton, Łódź 2005, 95–105.

Siuda K.: Subclassic: Acari Latreille, 1795 – Podgromada: Roztocze. Ordo: Actinedida Van der Hammen, 1968 – Rząd: Actinedida. Demodex folliculorum Simon, 1842 – Nużeniec ludzki. In: Parazytologia i akaroentomologia Medyczna. Red. A. Deryło. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa 2002, 321–323.

Zhao Y.E., Guo N., Wu L.P.: The effect of temperature on the viability of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105, 1623–1628.

Chen G.D.: Influence of some environmental factors in the survival of two human follicular mites. Acta Entomol Sinica. 1985, 28, 75–78.

Czepita D.: Przewlekłe zapalenie brzegów powiek. Lekarz. 2008, 1–2, 106–111.

Wesołowska M., Baran W., Szepietowski J., Hirschberg L., Jankowski S.: Demodicidosis in humans as a current problem in dermatology. Wiad Parazytol. 2005, 51, 253–256.

Czepita D., Kuźna-Grygiel W., Kosik-Bogacka D.: Demodex as an etiological factor in chronic blepharitis. Klin Oczna. 2005, 107, 722–724.

Kuźna-Grygiel W., Kosik-Bogacka D., Czepita D., Sambor I.: Objawowe i bezobjawowe inwazje Demodex spp. powiek u osób w różnych grupach wiekowych. Wiad Parazytol. 2004, 50, 55–61.

Raszeja-Kotelba B., Jenerowicz D., Izdebska J.N., Bowszyc-Dmochowska M., Tomczak M., Dembińska M.: Some aspects of the skin infestation by Demodex folliculorum. Wiad Parazytol. 2004, 50, 41–54.

Karincaoglu Y., Seyhan M.E., Bayram N., Aycan O., Taskapan H.: Incidence of Demodex folliculorum in patients with end stage chronic renal failure. Ren Fail. 2005, 27, 495–499.

Seyhan M.E., Karincaoğlu Y., Bayram N., Aycan O., Kuku I.: Density of Demodex folliculorum in haematological malignancies. J Int Med Res. 2004, 32, 411–415.

Forton F., Germaux M.A., Brasseur T., De Liever A., Laporte M., Mathys C. et al.: Demodicosis and rosacea: epidemiology and significance in daily dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005, 52, 74–87.

Isa N.H., Loong L.W., Fang G.H., Mohamad A.M., Razali N., Rani N.I. et al.: Demodicosis among university medical students in Malaysia and the effects of facial cleanser and moisturizer usage. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011, 42, 1375–1380.

Horváth A., Neubrandt D.M., Ghidán Á., Nagy K.: Risk factors and prevalence of Demodex mites in young adults. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2011, 58, 145–155.

Zhao Y.E., Guo N., Xun M., Xu J.R., Wang M., Wang D.L.: Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodicidae). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011, 12, 998–1007.

Czepita D., Kuźna-Grygiel W., Kosik-Bogacka D.: Investigations on the occurrence as well as the role of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in the pathogensis of blepharitis. Klin Oczna. 2005, 107, 80–82.

Garbacewicz A., Udziela M., Grytner-Ziecina B., Szaflik J.P., Szaflik J.: Demodex infections in general Polish population, in patients suff ering from blepharitis, and among people who work with microscopes. Klin Oczna. 2010, 112, 307–310.

Norn M.S.: Demodex folliculorum. Brit J Opthal. 1972, 56, 140.

Roth A.M.: Demodex folliculorum in hair follicles of eyelid skin. Ann Opthalmol. 1979, 11, 37–40.

Kamoun B., Fourati M., Feki J.: Blepharitis due to Demodex: myth or reality? J Fr Opthalmol. 1999, 22, 525–527.

Yazar S., Ozcan H., Cetinkaya U.: Investigation of Demodex sp. using cellophane tape method among university students. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2008, 32, 238–240.

Kaplan M., Keleştemur N., Başpinar S.: Demodex spp. prevalence among university students. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2012, 18, A43–A46.

Norn M.S.: Demodex folliculorum. Incidence and possible pathogenic role in the human eyelid. Acta Ophthalmol. 1970, 108, 7–85.

Kemal M., Sümer Z., Toker M.I., Erdoğan H., Topalkara A., Akbulut M.: The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in blepharitis patients and the normal population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005, 12, 287–290.

Rufli T., Mumcuoglu Y.: The hair follicle mites Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis: biology and medical importance. A review. Dermatologica. 1981, 162, 1–11.

Akilov O.E., Mumcuoglu K.Y.: Association between human demodicosis and HLA class I. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003, 28, 70–73.

Mumcuoglu K.Y., Akilov O.E.: The role of HLA and Cw2 in the pathogenesis of human demodicosis. Dermatology. 2005, 210, 109–114.

Kim J.H., Chun Y.S., Kim J.C.: Clinical and immunological responses in ocular demodecosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2011, 26, 1231–1237.

Holmes R.B., Martins C., Horn T.: The histopathology of folliculitis in HIV-infected patients. J Cutan Pathol. 2002, 29, 93–95.

Annam V., Yelikar B.R., Inamadar A.C., Palit A., Arathi P.: Clinicopathological study of itchy folliculitis in HIV-infected patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010, 76, 259–262.

Damian D., Rogers M.: Demodex infestation in a child with leukaemia: treatment with ivermectin and permethrin. Int J Dermatol. 2003, 42, 724–726.

Benessahraoui M., Paratte F., Plouvier E., Humbert P., Aubin F.: Demodicidosis in a child with xantholeukaemia associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis. Eur J Dermatol. 2003, 13, 311–312.

Kosik-Bogacka D.I., Lanocha N., Lanocha A., Czepita D., Grobelny A., Zdziarska B. et al.: Role of Demodex folliculorum in the pathogenesis of blepharitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012, 90, e579.

Kosik-Bogacka D.I., Łanocha N., Łanocha A., Czepita D., Grobelny A., Zdziarska B. et al.: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in healthy and immunocompromised patients. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2013, 20, 159–163.

Yagdiran Düzgün O., Aytekin S.: Comparison of Demodex folliculorum density in haemodialysis patients with a control group. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007, 21, 480–483.

Yamashita L.S., Cariello A.J., Geha N.M., Yu M.C., Hofling-Lima A.L.: Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicule of diabetic patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011, 74, 422–424.

Lotze C., Krüger W.H., Kiefer T., Swensson O., Herbst E.W., Schüler F. et al.: Facial rash mimicking cutaneous acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for osteomyelofibrosis – was Demodex the culprit? Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006, 37, 711–712.

Erbagci Z., Erbagci I., Erklig S.: High incidence of demodicosis in eyelid basal cell carcinomas. Int J Dermatol. 2003, 42, 567–571.

Dolenc-Voljc M., Pohar M., Lunder T.: Density of Demodex folliculorum in perioral dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005, 85, 211–215.

Zhao Y.E., Peng Y., Wang X.L., Wu L.P., Wang M., Yan H.L. et al.: Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011, 12, 1008–1015.

Humiczewska M., Kuźna W., Hermach U.: Frequency of occurrence of symptomatic and asymptomatic eyelids demodecosis among the inhabitants of Szczecin. Wiad Parazytol. 1994, 40, 69–71.

Gao Y.Y., Di Pascuale M.A., Elizondo A., Tseng S.C.: Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. Cornea. 2007, 26, 136–143.

Kleina-Schmidt P., Kocięcki J., Dalz M., Skołuda A.: Nowe spojrzenie na terapię zapalenia brzegów powiek wywołanego roztoczem z rodzaju Demodex. Farm Współ. 2010, 3, 210–213.

Diaz-Perez J.L.: Demodex mites in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994, 30, 812–813.

Spickett S.G.: A preliminary note on Demodex folliculorum Simon (1842), as apossible vector of leprosy. Lepr Rev. 1961, 32, 263–268.

Lacey N., Delaney S., Kavanagh K., Powell F.C.: Mite-related bacterial antigens stimulate inflammatory cells in rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2007, 157, 474–481.

Szkaradkiewicz A., Chudzicka-Strugała I., Karpiński T.M., Goślińska-Pawłowska O., Tułecka T., Chudzicki W. et al.: Bacillus oleronius and Demodex mite infestation in patients with chronic blepharitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012, 18, 1020–1025.

Kuhnigk T., Borst E.M., Breunig A., König H., Collins M.D., Hutson R.A. et al.: Bacillus oleronius sp.nov., a member of the hindgut flora of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis (Feytaud). Can J Microbiol. 1995, 41, 699–706.

Clifford C.W., Fulk G.W.: Association of diabetes, lash loss, and Staphylococcus aureus with infestation of eyelids by Demodex folliculorum (Acari: Demodicidae). J Med Entomol. 1990, 27, 467–470.

Lee S.H., Chun Y.S., Kim J.H., Kim E.S., Kim J.C.: The relationship between Demodex and ocular discomfort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010, 51, 2906–2911.

Wolf R., Ophir J., Avigad J., Lengy J., Krakowski A.: The hair follicle mites (Demodex spp.). Could they be vectors of pathogenic microorganisms? Acta Derm Venereol. 1988, 68, 535–537.

Hallur V., Singh G., Rudramurthy S.M., Kapoor R., Chakrabarti A.: Demodex mite infestation of unknown significance in a patient with rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces elegans species complex. J Med Microbiol. 2013, 62, 926–928.

Kheirkhah A., Casas V., Li W., Raju V.K., Tseng S.C.: Corneal manifestations of ocular demodex infestation. Am J Ophthamol. 2007, 143, 743–749.

Inceboz T., Yaman A., Over L., Ozturk A.T., Akisu C.: Diagnosis and treatment of demodectic blepharitis. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2009, 33, 32–36.

Jansen T., Kastner U., Kreuter A., Altmeyer P.: Rosacea-like demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2001, 144, 139–142.

Czepita D.: Demodekoza powiek. Lekarz. 2008, 1–27.

Gao Y.Y., Di Pascuale M.A., Li W., Baradaran-Rafii A., Elizondo A., Kuo C.L. et al.: In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005, 89, 1468–1473.

Junk A.K., Lukacs A., Kampik A.: Topical administration of metronidazole gel as an effective therapy alternative in chronic Demodex blepharitis – a case report. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998, 213, 48–50.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.62

Copyright (c) 2016 Zuzanna Marcinowska, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Damian Czepita, Aleksandra Łanocha

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/