Gut microbiota disorders and ophthalmic diseases

Wiktoria Bosy-Gąsior, Monika Modrzejewska

Abstract


Introduction: The intestinal microbiota is one of the key elements in maintaining human homeostasis. Disruption of its balance, known as dysbiosis, is now increasingly implicated as a contributing factor for many diseases, including ophthalmic conditions. 
Materials and methods: This review synthesizes a current literature review 2020–2025 addressing the relationship between the interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and major ophthalmic disorders, notably age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and autoimmune uveitis. 
Results: Potential pathogenic mechanisms are discussed, including compromised intestinal barrier integrity, aberrant immune activation, the presence of bacterial endotoxins (e.g., LPS), and the influence of microbially derived metabolites on the gut–retina axis. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of Th17 and Treg cells, inflammatory cytokines, and the importance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), among other bioactive molecules. The significance of the neonatal microbiome and its influence on the development of ophthalmic diseases in premature infants is also highlighted. 
Conclusions: Gut microbiota dysregulation may represent a key contributor in the development and progression of several ophthalmic conditions. The microbiota–gut–retina axis represents an emerging and promising therapeutic target for future research and therapies. Integrating microbiota-targeted interventions may significantly improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for ophthalmic patients.

Keywords


gut microbiota disorders; gut–retina axis; microbiota–gut–retina axis; ophthalmic diseases

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.1140

Copyright (c) 2025 Wiktoria Bosy-Gąsior, Monika Modrzejewska

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