Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences jest kontynuacją czasopisma Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis – Roczniki Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie. Czasopismo Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Szczecinie wydawane jest nieprzerwanie od 1951 roku. Zaproszenie do współpracy kierujemy szczególnie do wieloletnich pracowników naukowych, a także do tych, którzy rozpoczynają swoją karierę uniwersytecką. Czasopismo w swojej nazwie zawiera element lokalny, jednak redakcja Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences otwarta jest na prace autorów z innych ośrodków badawczych, także zagranicznych. Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences wydawane jest w postaci elektronicznej i papierowej. Niniejsza platforma umożliwia dostęp do czasopisma, dlatego zachęcamy czytelników do korzystania z elektronicznej formy periodyku.
Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie
Autor pozostaje właścicielem praw autorskich i praw pokrewnych – udziela jedynie nieodpłatnej licencji na udostępnianie pracy zgodnie z licencją Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 PL (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL).
The review discusses the application of oaks (Quercus) in cosmetology, focusing on the chemical and biological properties of their extracts. Oaks, rich in tannins, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds, exhibit strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity, making them valuable raw materials in cosmetic production. The article presents the use of extracts from oak bark, leaves, and acorns in skin care products, particularly in anti-aging, toning, and treatments supporting the management of dermatological issues. Potential research directions on other properties of oaks that may find application in natural cosmetics are also discussed.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dominika Szynal, Adam Klimowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in a patient with recurrent pleural effusion, heart failure and a diagnosed right atrium tumour
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is a common symptom during heart failure exacerbation. The recurring nature of fluid accumulation during such treatment raises concern. In this case, an 84-year-old female patient with past oncological treatment, diagnosed with a right atrium tumour, manifested a rapid recurrence of pleural effusion, significantly hindering further diagnostics. Despite initial partial clinical improvement and positive trends in laboratory tests following comprehensive heart failure treatment and repeated pleural cavity punctures with drainage, we were unable to halt symptom progression. Regardless of the launched diagnostics, we did not make it in time. Thus, the level of advancement of the disease did not allow us to fulfil the diagnostic of the fluid etiology and to launch successful treatment of the eventual oncological process.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Bohdan Melnyk, Mariia Melnyk, Maciej Lewandowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Myocardial infarction or a foreign body in the airways? Case study
According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and its 2018 IV universal definition of myocardial infarction, this pathology is not only the result of atherothrombotic coronary artery disease (CAD) but also extracardiac causes – such as type II, where the cause is a pathophysiological mechanism leading to ischemic myocardial damage in a situation of imbalance between oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand. As acute chest pain (ACP) is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits, it is important to remember that it involves a wide range of both cardiovascular and non-cardiac causes. This case report describes a diagnostic challenge involving a 67-year-old patient presenting with dyspnea and acute chest pain, initially diagnosed with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The patient, with a history of laryngeal cancer treated with total laryngectomy and tracheostomy, was admitted with experiencing dyspnea, chest pain, and electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts. Imaging and clinical findings suggested moderate pulmonary congestion, while laboratory tests showed elevated troponin and d-dimer levels. An otolaryngologist (ENT) consultation revealed tracheal obstruction caused by dried blood clots, leading to periodic airway obstruction. Removing the clots significantly improved the patient’s condition. Coronary angiography did not reveal significant coronary artery stenosis, indicate myocardial infarction as the cause of symptoms. The clinical implications of this case include focusing the interview on tracheostomy tube care in the prehospital setting. They may also aid in decision-making regarding the type of hospital to which the patient should be transported – ideally, it should have both cardiology and otolaryngology facilities. However, in the hospital setting, in similar cases, the diagnosis of chest pain in patients with a tracheostomy tube should also include otolaryngology consultation, especially if the self-observation of the tube raises doubts about its patency.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Arkadiusz Wilczek, Ada Lisowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Osteoporosis – the silent epidemic of the 21st century
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone tissue disorder worldwide. Its incidence is closely linked to the aging of the global population – a demographic shift observed since the late 19th century. The disease progresses asymptomatically, with the first clinical manifestation often being a low-energy fracture, which typically indicates an advanced stage of the condition. As a result, osteoporosis is frequently underestimated by both patients and healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to analyze the available scientific literature indexed in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The article presents a historical overview, pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and risk factors associated with the disease. It also discusses current strategies for prevention and pharmacological treatment. Further research is essential to identify optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and to elevate public awareness regarding the seriousness of osteoporosis.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Maksymilian Dobosz, Wiktoria Ficoń, Beata Całyniuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Allele frequency distribution and forensic parameters of 23 autosomal STR loci in the Polish population using the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System
Introduction: Databases of autosomal STR marker allele frequencies are a key tool in forensic genetics, enabling accurate calculations of kinship probability or DNA profile matching. The available data for the Polish population mainly concern older marker sets. There are no comprehensive publications covering the full panel of 23 autosomal loci of the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system. The aim of this study is to present the current allele frequencies for 23 autosomal loci from PowerPlex® Fusion 6C set in the Polish population. Materials and methods: A total of 1043 genetic profiles obtained from buccal swabs collected from individuals of Polish origin were analyzed. Amplification was performed with the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C kit, and electropherogram analysis was conducted using GeneMapper® ID-X v1.4 software. Statistical analyses were carried out with Familias v. 3.4, Arlequin v. 3.5 and Forstat software. Results: Observed heterozygosity (Ho) values ranged from 0.5973 (TPOX) to 0.9588 (SE33). The highest power of discrimination (PD) was observed for SE33 (PD = 0.9939), Penta E (PD = 0.9812), and D1S1656 (PD = 0.9809). All loci met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium criteria. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) was >0.99999999999999999999, and the combined power of exclusion (CPE) was 0.999999999967. Conclusions: The obtained results confirm the high analytical value of the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system for forensic and kinship testing. The developed allele frequency database represents a valuable reference tool for the Polish population.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Krzysztof Żak, Magdalena Konarzewska, Anna Fiedorowicz, Witold Pepiński, Ireneusz Sołtyszewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), classified in ICD-10 as hyperkinetic disorder (HD), is one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions, affecting approx. 5–7% of children and 2.5–4% of adults. Despite decades of research, its clinical presentation remains heterogeneous and debated, with diagnostic differences between ICD-10 and DSM-5. Core symptoms – inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity – significantly impair social, academic, and emotional functioning and frequently co-occur with oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. Historically, the concept of ADHD evolved from early descriptions of “moral control defects” to contemporary evidence of neurobiological underpinnings. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate reduced volumes of frontal lobes, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and abnormalities within fronto-striatal and limbic networks. Neuropsychological models highlight impaired response inhibition, executive dysfunction, and difficulties with delayed reward processing. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is highly heritable (70–80%), with numerous candidate genes implicated in dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic pathways. However, its etiology is multifactorial, involving complex gene–environment interactions. Environmental risk factors include prenatal exposure to nicotine and alcohol, toxic pollutants, maternal stress, and broader psychosocial influences. Given its strong links with emotional difficulties, behavioural disorders, and addiction risk in adolescence, ADHD represents a major public-health challenge. A comprehensive understanding of its neurobiology, developmental trajectory, and etiological complexity is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective individualized treatment.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Izabela Gorzkowska, Agnieszka Samochowiec, Ewelina Żyżniewska-Banaszak, Bohdan Górski
miR-125a/b as key regulators of the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases: a review of molecular mechanisms
MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, influencing various physiological and pathological processes. The microRNAs miR-125a and miR-125b have divergent roles in the pathogenesis of chronic cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). miR-125a exerts protective effects by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), limiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent activation of hepatic stellate cells, and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, microR-125a supports hepatocyte regeneration, promotes the M2 macrophage phenotype, and maintains immune homeostasis. Consequently, its expression is associated with protective effects, significant therapeutic potential, and may have possible utility as a protective and prognostic biomarker. In contrast, miR-125b primarily fulfils pathological functions. Its overexpression enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activates T lymphocytes, and potentiates TGF-β signalling – promoting fibrogenesis. It also increases hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress, contributing to disease progression and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. The expression of both microRNAs is modulated by epigenetic factors and is dependent on age and sex, underscoring their significance in the personalisation of therapy for PBC and PSC. Understanding the distinct mechanisms of action of miR-125a and miR-125b can open new avenues for developing targeted therapeutic strategies that could improve prognosis and quality of life in patients with cholestatic liver diseases.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Joanna Agnieszka Abramczyk, Agnieszka Kempińska-Podhorodecka
Comparison of the antioxidant potential of Rhodiola rosea, Arctium lappa, and Symphytum officinale root extracts
Introduction: Aging of the human body is a process influenced by numerous factors, both environmental and genetic. The initial signs can be observed as early as around the age of 25 and include slowed skin regeneration, the appearance of fine mimic wrinkles, reduced elasticity, and the formation of discolorations. Free radicals play a significant role in intensifying these processes, leading to a phenomenon known as oxidative stress. This condition refers to an imbalance between the presence of free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them. However, there are various compounds, including antioxidants, that restore balance in the body and prevent the oxidation of cellular structures, thus protecting them from damage. Compounds with antioxidant potential include various vitamins such as C, A, and E, polyphenols, flavonoids, and minerals. Considering the growing interest in natural origin cosmetics that could delay the aging process, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of root extracts from Rhodiola rosea, Arctium lappa, and Symphytum officinale. These plants have been used for centuries in traditional phytotherapy for various ailments, including skin conditions, yet in the field of cosmetology, they require more extensive research. Materials and methods: Commercially available root extracts from R. rosea, A. lappa, and S. officinale were used to prepare the alcoholic extracts. Plant materials were subjected to ultrasound--assisted extraction for 15, 30, or 60 min, using methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol at concentrations of 40%, 70%, and 96/99%. The analysis and evaluation were conducted using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis[3-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-6-sulphonate] diammonium salt (ABTS) methods with a spectrophotometer, which allow the determination of the ability of plant extracts to neutralize free radicals. Results: The highest antioxidant potential was observed in R. rosea extracts, particularly after 1-hour extraction using ethanol or methanol. Slightly lower activity was demonstrated by A. lappa extracts, and the lowest by S. officinale. The ABTS method proved to be more sensitive than DPPH, which may be related to the higher content of phenolic compounds. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that extraction time, type of solvent, and plant part are key factors for the effective recovery of antioxidants. The results suggest that the analyzed plants may constitute a valuable component of cosmetic formulations with protective and anti-aging properties for the skin.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Julia Kalinowska, Adam Klimowicz
Can we predict the co-occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and uric acid urolithiasis? Assessment of prevalence based on findings in preoperative computed tomography imaging
Introduction: Observational studies have already shown an association between the co-occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and urinary tract stones. A plausible mechanism for their development is the increased consumption of high-fat foods and fructose syrup, which if consumed in excess, is metabolized to uric acid. Its excessive concentration in the urine lead to the development of urolithiasis. Therefore, it can be assumed that NAFLD will most often co-occur with uric acid stones. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the co-occurrence of both diseases based on findings in preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging. Materials and methods: The study population included all consecutive patients with urinary tract stones who underwent surgical treatment between 2019–2022. A total of 228 patients were enrolled in this study and evaluated for the presence of strict exclusion criteria. After applying the exclusion criteria 124 patients undergoing surgical treatment of urolithiasis were included in the further analysis. Results: Uric acid deposits defined as stones with a density <500 HU were found in 12.90% of patients. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 28 patients, as many as 42.86% of whom were diagnosed with uric acid stones (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between the incidence of both disease entities at 0.483 (Q-Yule coefficient). Conclusions: The presence of NAFLD in imaging studies is more often found in patients with uric acid stones. Therefore, diagnosis of co-occurrence of both conditions might allow the implementation of appropriate treatment without the need for chemical analysis of the deposit.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Marta Jankowska, Jakub Kalembkiewicz, Marek Miśkiewicz, Kamila Durmała, Aleksandra Słojewska, Krystian Kaczmarek, Marcin Słojewski
Immunoregulatory role of miR-155 in cholestatic liver diseases: implications for primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic cholestatic liver diseases characterised by progressive bile duct injury, persistent cholestasis, fibrosis and eventual cirrhosis. Growing evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms, particularly microRNAs, play an important role in their pathogenesis. Among them, microRNA-155 (miR-155) has emerged as a central immunoregulatory molecule involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. MicroRNA-155 regulates key inflammatory signalling pathways, including NF-κB and Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT, and interferes with bile acid homeostasis through suppression of the farnesoid X receptor, thereby contributing to sustained cholestasis and inflammatory injury. Increased expression of miR-155 has been observed in liver tissue, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with PBC and PSC, reflecting local and systemic immune activation. Importantly, miR-155 also links chronic inflammation with impairment of the mismatch repair system and microsatellite instability, promoting colorectal carcinogenesis in patients with PSC associated with ulcerative colitis. This review summarises the biogenesis, regulation and pathogenic significance of miR-155 in PBC and PSC, with particular emphasis on its role in mismatch repair dysfunction and emerging therapeutic implications.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Alicja Łaba, Wiesława Rogoza-Mateja, Agnieszka Kempińska-Podhorodecka
Stigmatization of patients with obesity in the healthcare system: a study of discrimination by medical staff
Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease with a complex etiology, leading to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Its treatment is challenging, and the absence of effective therapy results in complications that place a significant burden on the healthcare system. The stigmatization of obesity is rooted in misconceptions, biases, and stereotypes, which hinder weight reduction efforts and contribute to negative psychological, health-related, and social outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of stigmatization and discrimination against patients with obesity by healthcare personnel. Materials and methods: The study was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and items assessing attitudes toward obesity and experiences with the stigmatization of obese patients. The survey was carried out among 148 employees of medical facilities located in the Silesian Voivodeship. The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: Most respondents reported neutral emotions toward obese patients. Nearly half had witnessed situations in which an obese patient was subjected to discriminatory behavior, although respondents did not perceive such incidents as widespread. Despite existing biases, the vast majority of healthcare personnel expressed a willingness to collaborate with patients with excessive body weight. Conclusions: The study revealed the presence of certain biases toward patients with obesity. A better understanding of these prejudices and misconceptions may contribute to improved quality of care, which is essential for the effective treatment of excessive body weight.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Martyna Szymańska, Justyna Nowak
Assessment of the risk of orthorexia in a group of people associated with the profession of a dietitian
Introduction: Nowadays, due to social media, cultural and social factors, there is an increasing trend in the occurrence of eating disorders. One of them is orthorexia, defined as excessive thinking and concentration on food perceived as healthy. A group particularly at risk of this disorder is considered to be people associated with the profession of a dietitian. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of orthorexia in a group of people associated with the profession of a dietitian. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a group of 303 people associated with the profession of a dietitian. The study was conducted using an original questionnaire enriched with the previously validated ORTO-15 questionnaire. The cut-off point was set at 35 points. The lower the result, the higher the risk of orthorexia. The study shows that the study group belonged to the risk group of people affected by orthorexia. Results: Almost half of the study group – 54.1% (n = 164) received a result from the ORTO-15 questionnaire indicating the occurrence of orthorexia. What is more, it was noticed that the largest number of respondents – 62.6% (n = 67) who were diagnosed with a high risk of orthorexia were in the age group of 19–24, while the smallest group in this respect were people from the age group of 35–60 – 47.1% (n = 32). Additionally, the study shows that in the group of people with a BMI indicating excessive body weight, the risk of orthorexia was found among 66.7% (n = 18) of the respondents, while among people with a BMI indicating a normal body weight, 52.9% (n = 146) of the respondents. Conclusions: Based on the study, it was noticed that the occurrence of eating disorders is influenced by many factors, and one of them is the profession.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Julia Maria Szaniawska, Justyna Nowak
Localized acquired hypertrichosis on a miner’s shoulder: case report
Inflammation and local pressure are common causes of localized acquired hypertrichosis (LAH). The vast majority of cases of LAH in this category described in the literature occurred after the patient underwent surgery or injection or had to wear a plaster cast. Localized acquired hypertrichosis usually disappears over time once the causative agent has ceased. This case report presents the case of a man who acquired LAH of terminal hair through inflammation and local pressure while working in mining for over 20 years. The statistical analysis showed no statistical difference between hair thickness from both shoulders. The photos show the hair under a scanning electron microscope.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Wiktoria Moczarska
Myofibroma in the frontal region of the skull with a history of trauma in a 3.5-year-old child – a case report in the context of imaging diagnostics
Myofibromas in the orbit are considered very rare. According to literature data, 50% of myofibroma lesions occur in the neonatal period, and most of the remaining cases occur in children under 2 years of age. The diagnosis of myofibroma is possible based on histopathological examination. Morphological characteristics in imaging studies, patient’s age, size of lesions and their number are helpful in making the diagnosis. The presented case concerns a 3.5-year-old boy whose parents observed a rapidly growing tumor in the frontal region during a week and a half before the child was admitted to the hospital for further diagnostics. The interview revealed that the boy had suffered a head injury 2 months earlier, in the form of being hit by a swing. Since the injury, the frontal region has been under periodic surgical observation due to a suspected post-traumatic hematoma. The initial ultrasonud examination of the soft tissues of the frontal region revealed a poorly demarcated, non-movable, non-compressible mass with approximate dimensions of 3 x 5 x 5 cm. The lesion was filled with heterogeneous, hypoechoic content (solid or fluid); hyperechoic bands were visible within the lesion near the squamous part of frontal bone, which could correspond to calcifications or bone destruction. The Color Doppler examination did not clearly demonstrate vascularization within the lesion. The patient also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head, which revealed a tumor in the left frontal region measuring 56 x 39 x 52 mm, with intermediate signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted images, which was contrast enhanced mainly in the peripheral parts of the lesion and did not show signs of restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Frontal craniotomy and left orbitotomy were performed. The tumor was removed from the anterior cranial fossa, left orbit and ethmoid. Fragments of bone infiltrated by the tumor were also removed and cranioplasty was performed. Myofibroma lesion was confirmed histopathologically. Apart from surgical treatment, during the entire treatment at the local clinic, the patient received 5 cycles of cytostatic treatment (vincristine) with good tolerance. The authors of this publication are inclined to assume that the injury that occurred in the boy in the described case could have been related to the later appearance of a myofibroma in the frontal and orbital regions. This case also emphases the value of control ultrasound examinations, which are the first and most easily accessible to assess the evolution of post-traumatic changes in paediatric patients.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Stefan Taront, Ewelina Mielewczyk, Ewelina Pilawa, Wojciech Poncyljusz
Interposition of the index flexor digitorum superficialis tendon beneath a fragment of the distal radius fracture: a case report
High-energy distal radius fractures are characterized by significant displacement of bone fragments, articular surface damage, and ligamentous injury. Tendon interposition between bone fragments occurs very rarely. In this report, we present a case of a complex distal radius fracture in which intraoperative findings revealed interposition of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of the index finger beneath one of the fracture fragments. The exceptional rarity of this situation prompted the authors to report this case.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ilya Kuryha, Bernard Stanisław Piotuch
The justification for antibiotic prophylaxis in operative treatment of hand and wrist bone fractures: a review
Introduction: Although there is no clear scientific evidence justifying antibiotic prophylaxis in operative treatment of hand and wrist bone fractures, it is commonly used, mostly due to the concern about possible medicolegal problems caused by bone infection after surgery. The objective of this study was review of literature on the justification for the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical treatment of hand and wrist fractures. Results: For operative treatment of hand fractures 3 studies and 1 systematic review were found. All these articles indicate a lack of scientific evidence to justify the routine administration of antibiotics in these injuries. For operative treatment of distal radial fractures only 1 study was found suggesting that antibiotic prophylaxis does not affect risk of infection. Further literature review showed that redundant antibiotic use may be associated with harmful and adverse effects, as well as with substantial costs. Conclusion: Current scientific evidence does not support routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis in operative treatment of hand and wrist bone fractures. Antibiotic administration in these operations has not effect for decreasing infection rate and therefore can be safely avoided.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Andrzej Żyluk, Jerzy Jabłecki
The usefulness of spatial assessment of proximal femoral morphology in preoperative planning of cementless hip arthroplasty
Introduction: Accurate preoperative planning for cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) requires precise assessment of proximal femoral morphology to ensure implant stability and long-term survival. This study aimed to evaluate the variability of proximal femoral morphology using computed tomography (CT)-based morphometry and to determine its clinical relevance in selecting the appropriate type of femoral prosthesis. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 99 patients (58 men, 41 women; mean age 61 ±6.6 years) who underwent lower-limb CT angiography between 2017–2019. Patients with a history of trauma, congenital or degenerative deformities were excluded. Radiological parameters assessed included: femoral length (relative and absolute), neck-shaft angle, canal flare index (CFI), Dorr classification, and femoral torsion angles (angle of varus deformity of the femur, angle of posterior convexity of the proximal femur and angle of anterior convexity of the middle part of the femur). Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica 13.0 with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between right and left femur across all parameters. The mean relative femoral length was 44.6 ±3.0 cm, neck-shaft angle 127.3 ±5.0°, and mean CFI 4.53 ±0.59. Dorr type B morphology predominated (68%), followed by types A (19%) and C (13%). Males had significantly longer femur (p < 0.001), while CFI correlated positively with age (r = 0.38; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Proximal femoral morphology demonstrates high interindividual variability but no relevant side-to-side asymmetry. Computed tomography-based 3D assessment enhances the accuracy of preoperative planning and may help in selecting the optimal prosthesis for cementless hip arthroplasty.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Katarzyna Chamier-Ciemińska, Łukasz KołodziejB, Zbigniew Celewicz, Wojciech Poncyljusz
Oral hygiene habits in patients taking glucagon like peptide-1 analogues
Introduction: Patients with unstable blood glucose levels require particular attention to oral hygiene due to diabetes-related symptoms and pharmacotherapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. These agents may modify the oral environment, potentially affecting the incidence of dental and periodontal pathologies. The aim of this study was to assess oral hygiene among patients using GLP-1 analogues, taking into account their side effects and testing the hypothesis that GLP-1 therapy might be associated with inadequate oral care. Materials and methods: An anonymous survey (26 questions) regarding general health, oral hygiene practices, and ongoing pharmacotherapy was shared via social media groups of patients taking GLP-1 analogues. Responses concerning hygiene habits, use of dental aids, and the occurrence of oral lesions were collected and analyzed. Results: Most respondents reported adherence to recommended oral hygiene routines. However, a noticeable increase in aphthous ulcers was observed during periods of gingivitis/periodontal disease compared to before GLP-1 analogue therapy. This could suggest that GLP-1 medications influence the oral environment, potentially exacerbating inflammatory changes when hygiene or regular dental check-ups are insufficient. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for more frequent dental check-ups and heightened awareness of daily oral hygiene among patients on GLP-1 therapy. Preventive measures and early intervention may help mitigate the risk of periodontal complications.
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Aleksandra Jankowska, Katarzyna Dudkiewicz, Aleksandra Chojnacka, Agnieszka Mazur-Lesz, Nanxi Tao, Renata Samulak, Monika Machoy
Secondary displacement of distal radial fracture fixed by a plate - a case report.
Distal radial fractures are one of the most common types of fractures in the elderly. Treatment of these injuries can be conservative and operative, and the decision to undergo surgery is made on the basis of various factors, the most important of which is the anticipated fracture instability. Fixation of this fractures by a plate is considered very stable, and if correctly done, provides almost 100% of stability (it means that the risk of secondary displacement is extremely low). In the article we present a case of apparently correct fixed distal radial fracture which displaced in the course of the treatment and was discovered at the follow-up assessment at 5 years after surgery. The patient presented with wrist deformation and severe disability of the hand. Possible causes of this situation are discussed.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Andrzej Żyluk, Ada Owczarska, Victoria Dąbrowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes – a systematic review
Introduction: This systematic review focuses on the analysis of reports addressing the health and psychosocial functioning of young adults (aged 18–35 years) with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this review is to systematise our knowledge, based on published literature reports, about the health and psychosocial functioning of young adults with type 1 diabetes, taking into account a range of external and internal factors. Materials and methods: The study was conducted using a systematic literature review based on predefined inclusion criteria: publication date within the last 5 years, full-text version available, keywords of the article relevant to the research area, study group of young adults (18–35 years). Twenty-three studies were included in the analysis for further analysis. Three main areas of influence of diabetes on the functioning of young adults with type 1 diabetes were identified: psychosocial functioning, health functioning, and adaptation to chronic disease. Results: The analysis of the literature shows that adaptation to the disease, and in particular effective self-monitoring of blood glucose and self-management of diabetes treatment, plays a significant role in reducing the frequency of depressive and anxiety episodes, as well as hypoglycaemic episodes. Using new and innovative methods of blood glucose monitoring and learning psychological flexibility skills by people with diabetes makes it easier for them to achieve their blood glucose targets and improves the therapeutic process. The literature places particular value on developing healthy attitudes regarding self-monitoring of glycemic status by patients, which significantly contributes to their mental and physical functioning. Conclusions: Looking to the future, it is worth considering new educational and therapeutic options to support the self-medication and self-management processes of for patients in young adulthood with their distinct health and social needs.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Marcin Janusz Grajek, Olga Fedortsiv, Magda Wiśniewska, Beata Karakiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Result of the treatment of complex wrist injury following high-energy trauma in a young patient: a case report
High-energy fractures of the distal radius are characterized by serious displacement and the possibility of fractures of other bones of the hand, wrist and damage to the carpal ligaments. However, simultaneous fractures of the distal radius, the scaphoid and lunate bones are even rarer, and exceptionally rare are fractures of 4 different bones in the hand. In this article we report a case of complex wrist injury following high-energy trauma, that included: severely displaced distal radius and ulna fractures, with concomitant the scaphoid and base of the fifth metacarpal fractures. The patient was operated on and each fracture was fixed using different methods and implants. At a follow-up assessment at 4 months, the result of the treatment was good, which allowed the patient to return to work.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Bernard Piotuch, Ilya Kuryha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Functional ability to use social media in the group of nursing students. A nationwide cross-sectional study
Introduction: Assessing practical social media skills of nursing students has real-world significance. It can shape educational policies, curriculum development, and even the formulation of ethical guidelines for future healthcare professionals. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical data on the practical social media skills of Polish nursing students and their ability to integrate social media into their everyday, educational and professional lives. Materials and methods: All undergraduate (3-year bachelor’s program) Polish nursing students were eligible for the study. Out of 679 study participants, first-year students (n = 397, 58.73%) and women (n = 589, 87.13%) were the largest groups. The mean age of the study participants was 21.02 years (SD = 4.04). The Social Media Use Integration Scale was used, a p-value of <0.05 was considered. Results: The research reveals a moderate level of social media integration in the student population. Interestingly, the study identifies greater variability in the emotional and social aspects of media use compared to its integration into daily routines. Conclusions: In the broader context of the increasing importance of social media in educational settings, the study emphasizes the significance of assessment tools such as SMUIS. Thus, the research augments academic knowledge and provides practical insights for educational strategists and policymakers in the field of nursing education.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Joanna Gotlib-Małkowska, Ilona Cieślak, Mariusz Panczyk, Dominik Wawrzuta, Mariusz Jaworski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/
Artificial Intelligence (AI) operates by replicating human cognitive processes, which enables its broad application across various fields. In endodontics, AI technologies are increasingly utilized to assist in root canal treatment. Artificial Intelligence holds significant potential to enhance both diagnosis and therapy, particularly by facilitating detection of periapical lesions and root fractures. Additionally, it facilitates analysis of the pulp status through radiographic imaging, assessment of tooth morphology, determination of the length of the root canal, and prediction of treatment outcomes. This article aims to explore the role of AI in endodontics. It highlights its current applications and analyzes its prospective contributions to future root canal therapy.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Katarzyna Dębska, Katarzyna Olczak
The relative motion flexion splinting in the treatment of boutonnière deformity of the finger: presentation of the method and a review of the literature.
The rupture of the central slip of the extensor tendon of the finger causes a deformity, characterized by flexion at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and hyperextension at the distal interphalangeal joint (the boutonnière deformity). Various treatments are used in this condition, including conservative and operative methods, however, there is no standard treatment guideline. The idea the relative motion flexion splint method is based on an importance of keeping the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the involved finger relatively flexed compared with these joints of the adjacent fingers. This is done with a relative motion flexion splint. Flexion in the metacarpo-phalangeal joint allows the lateral slips of the extrinsic extensor tendon to pull the lateral bands dorsal to the axis of the PIP joint. It allows also the relaxation of the intrinsic muscles and the lateral bands so they can migrate dorsal to the axis of the joint. This article presents the method and provides literature review about outcomes of treatment of the condition.
Enucleation of the median nerve tumour under WALANT: a case report
A case of a median nerve tumour (schwannoma) located in the distal part of the forearm, which was enucleated from the nerve under local anaesthesia (WALANT), without the use of a tourniquet on the arm to obtain a bloodless surgical field, is presented. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first described case of nerve tumour surgery under this anaesthesia. It shows that operation of nerve tumours can be performed under WALANT, without deteriorating of patients’ safety and surgeons comfort. The authors believe that presentation of this case can be interesting for hand surgeons and will encourage them to extend the scope of operations performed under WALANT.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ilya Kuryha, Marta Baranowska
Successful surgery to reduce and fixate with the plate of neglected, displaced fracture of the distal radius
Treatment of neglected, displaced or united distal radial fractures (DRFs) is difficult, because it requires either wedging the almost consolidated fracture and reduction to the correct position, or cutting the united bone and putting it in the correct position (corrective osteotomy). Both treatments are associated with the risk of failure and complications. The paper presents a case of almost fully united DRF in a man, in whom 5 weeks after the injury, and after unsuccessful primary fixation with K-wires, the bone fragments were surgically wedged, aligned and fixed with a palmar plate. The result of treatment after 2 months was satisfactory. Early surgery allowed for a significant shortening of the recovery period and allowed the patient to return to work.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Andrzej Żyluk, Bernard Piotuch
Recent findings on astrocyte and microglia impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction in cadmium-induced inflammation: a review
The rapid development of industry has led to severe cadmium (Cd) pollution. Recent studies highlight that heavy metals, such as cadmium, accumulate within the food chain, exacerbating the public health crisis associated with these toxic substances. The health effects of cadmium exposure can manifest in both short-term and long-term contexts, significantly impacting various bodily systems. Cadmium accumulation has been correlated with neurotoxic effects that impair cognitive functions and motor skills, ultimately diminishing quality of life. The neurotoxicity of Cd is complex – it affects neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, resulting in the disruption of central nervous system homeostasis. Cadmium activates microglia and induces inflammation in astrocytes primarily through the TLR4/NF-kB pathway, leading to increased production of TNF-α and IL-6. The neurotoxic effects of Cd are also a result of increased oxidative stress, apoptosis initiation in astrocytes, and Cd-induced changes in mitochondrial function. Chronic Cd exposure may promote the aging of microglial cells. Microglia and astrocytes are in constant communication, a change in the function of one drives the dysfunction of the other, exacerbating inflammatory and apoptotic processes in glial cells. Additionally, due to the direct cooperation between glial cells and neurons, this will contribute to neuronal dysfunction, which may be associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Future research on Cd toxicity in glial cells is needed to enhance our understanding and develop effective mitigation strategies.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Kamil Janawa, Michał Tomaszek, Jabuk Kwiatkowski, Anna Baranowska, Małgorzata Król, Justyna Żychowska, Piotr Żychoń, Laura Chmielowiec, Patrycja Kupnicka
Gut microbiota disorders and ophthalmic diseases
Introduction: The intestinal microbiota is one of the key elements in maintaining human homeostasis. Disruption of its balance, known as dysbiosis, is now increasingly implicated as a contributing factor for many diseases, including ophthalmic conditions. Materials and methods: This review synthesizes a current literature review 2020–2025 addressing the relationship between the interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and major ophthalmic disorders, notably age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and autoimmune uveitis. Results: Potential pathogenic mechanisms are discussed, including compromised intestinal barrier integrity, aberrant immune activation, the presence of bacterial endotoxins (e.g., LPS), and the influence of microbially derived metabolites on the gut–retina axis. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of Th17 and Treg cells, inflammatory cytokines, and the importance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), among other bioactive molecules. The significance of the neonatal microbiome and its influence on the development of ophthalmic diseases in premature infants is also highlighted. Conclusions: Gut microbiota dysregulation may represent a key contributor in the development and progression of several ophthalmic conditions. The microbiota–gut–retina axis represents an emerging and promising therapeutic target for future research and therapies. Integrating microbiota-targeted interventions may significantly improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for ophthalmic patients.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Wiktoria Bosy-Gąsior, Monika Modrzejewska
The role of HIF-1α in neovascular ophthalmologic diseases – literature review
Worldwide, across all age groups, there is a high prevalence of eye diseases with a neovascular component, which are a significant cause of vision impairment. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) is a key regulator in the body’s adaptation to hypoxic conditions and the cellular response to oxidative stress. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial metabolism. This multifunctional action makes it significant in the pathogenesis and progression of neovascular eye diseases. According to available literature, HIF-1 plays a key role in the progression of ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, neoplastic conditions (uveal melanoma, retinoblastoma), corneal neovascularization, and the neovascular form of pterygium. This literature review summarizes the latest scientific findings regarding the role of HIF-1 in neovascular eye diseases and its potential significance in the context of developing modern therapeutic strategies.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Monika Modrzejewska, Oliwia Zdanowska
Study on Bosnian unexplained abortions (BUNA) and the introgression from Neanderthal Man, rs1042838 of PGR gene
Introduction: In European couples infertility varies 5–24%. The progesterone receptor (PGR) encoded by the PGR gene plays a key role in many reproductive pathways. In our study, for the first time among European populations, the potential association of PGR rs1042838 with spontaneous abortions (SA), was investigated. Materials and methods: The TaqMan SNP assay was used in a group of 154 women with SA and 154 controls – mothers with at least 1 live-born child for genotyping the rs1042838 of PGR gene. Results: The prevalence of genotypes GG, GT, TT in women with and without SAs were: 72.8%, 22.7%, 4.5% and 61.0%, 34.4% and 4.6%, respectively (p = 0.080). Conclusions: Due to the fact that in some populations rs1042838 is rare, its confirmation as a genetic marker of SA requires further studies in larger groups and different populations.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Grażyna Adler, Mateusz Adler, Izabela Uzar, Emir Mahmutbegović