ELAIDIC ACID AND VACCENIC ACID IN THE PLASMA OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND UMBILICAL BLOOD PLASMA

Dominika Jamioł-Milc, Ewa Stachowska, Tomasz Janus, Anna Barcz, Dariusz Chlubek

Abstract


Introduction: The studies suggest that trans fatty acids are the most harmful type of fatty acids, and their ingestion leads to an increase in oxidative stress, changes in the plasma levels of LDL cholesterol, and a reduction in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids utilization. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration profiles of elaidic and vaccenic acids in maternal blood plasma in the perinatal period, and in the plasma of blood collected from the umbilical vein. The article deals with the issue of the correlation between the levels of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in maternal and neonatal blood, which could suggest the transplacental transport of these acids. The potential correlations between the levels of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in maternal and umbilical blood and birth weight and body length in neonates was also verified.

Material and methods: The study group comprised 53 pregnant patients of the Clinic of Obstetrics and Perinatology of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, aged 18–39 years, together with their newborn babies. Elaidic and vaccenic acid levels were determined in maternal and umbilical plasma. Fatty acid methyl esters were injected onto the capillary column of the Agilent 6890M gas chromatography system integrated with an autosampler. The content of individual fatty acids was determined from the reference curves and expressed in mg/mL.

Results: The lowest levels of both acids were observed in umbilical blood plasma. The level of elaidic acid was 0.0019 mg/mL ±0.0013 mg/mL, while the level of vaccenic acid was 0.0007 mg/mL ±0.0011 mg/mL. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between maternal vaccenic acid levels and umbilical vaccenic acid levels.

Conclusions: The presence of trans-unsaturated fatty acids (elaidic acid and vaccenic acid) in umbilical plasma is evidence of the transplacental transport of these acids. The significantly higher levels of elaidic acid compared to vaccenic acid in umbilical plasma suggests that vaccenic acid is more extensively metabolized in placenta. The levels of trans-unsaturated fatty acids had no effect on birth weight and body length in neonates.

Keywords


trans fatty acids; vaccenic acid; elaidic acid; pregnancy; cord blood

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aro A., Kardinaal A.F.M., Salminen I., Kark J.D., Riemersma R.A., Delgado-Rodriguez M. et al.: Adipose tissue isomeric trans fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in nine countries: the EURAMIC study. Lancet. 1995, 345 (8945), 273–278.

Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Rimm E., Colditz G.A., Rosner B.A. et al.: Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997, 337 (21), 1491–1499.

Mensink R.P., Zock P.L., Kester A.D., Katan M.B.: Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77 (5), 1146–1155.

Roberts T.L., Wood D.A., Riemersma R.A., Gallagher P.J., Lampe F.C.: Trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids in adipose tissue and sudden cardiac death. Lancet. 1995, 345 (8945), 278–282.

Judd, J.T., Clevidence B.A., Muesing R.A., Wittes J., Sunkin M.E., Podczasy J.J.: Dietary trans fatty acids: effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 59 (4), 861–868.

Katan M.B., Zock P.L., Mensink R.P.: Trans fatty acids and their effects on lipoproteins in humans. Annu Rev Nutr. 1995, 15, 473–493.

Kuhnt K., Wagner A., Kraft J., Basu S., Jahreis G.: Dietary supplementation with 11 trans-and 12 trans 18:1 and oxidative stress in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 84 (5), 981–988.

Troisi R., Willett W.C., Weiss S.T.: Trans-fatty acid intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adult men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992, 56 (6), 1019–1024.

Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze M.B., Meigs J.B., Manson J.E., Rifai N., Stampfer M.J. et al.: Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr. 2005, 135 (3), 562–566.

Mozaffarian D., Pischon T., Hankinson S.E., Rifai N., Joshipura K., Willett W.C. et al.: Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 79 (4), 606–612.

Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B., King I.B., Lawler R.L., McDonald G.B., Levy W.C.: Trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 80 (6), 1521–1525.

Ibrahim A., Natrajan S., Ghafoorunissa R.: Dietary trans-fatty acids alter adipocyte plasma membrane fatty acid composition and insulin sensitivity in rats. Metabolism. 2005, 54 (2), 240–246.

Salmeron J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Rimm E.B. et al.: Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 73 (6), 1019–1026.

King I.B., Kristal A.R., Schaffer S., Thornquist M., Goodman G.E.: Serum trans-fatty acids are associated with risk of prostate cancer in beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14 (4), 988–992.

Kohlmeier L., Simonsen N., van’t Veer P., Strain J.J., Martin-Moreno J.M., Margolin B. et al.: Adipose tissue trans fatty acids and breast cancer in the European community multicenter study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997, 6 (9), 705–710.

Liu X., Schumacher F.R., Plummer S.J., Jorgenson E., Casey G., Witte J.S.: Trans-fatty acid intake and increased risk of advanced prostate cancer: modification by RNASEL R462Q variant. Carcinogenesis. 2007, 28 (6), 1232–1236.

Rissanen H., Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Salminen I., Hakulinen T.: Serum fatty acids and breast cancer incidence. Nutr Cancer. 2003, 45 (2), 168–175.

Cook H.W., Emken E.A.: Geometric and positional fatty acid isomers interact differently with desaturation and elongation of linoleic and linolenic acids in cultured glioma cells. Biochem Cell Biol. 1990, 68 (3), 653–660.

De Schrijver R., Privett O.S.: Interrelationship between dietary trans fatty acids and the 6-and 9-desaturases in the rat. Lipids. 1982, 17 (1), 27–34.

Kurata N., Privett O.S.: Effects of dietary trans acids on the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in rat liver microsomes. Lipids. 1980, 15 (12), 1029–1036.

Larque E., Garcia-Ruiz P.A., Perez-Llamas F., Zamora S., Gil A.: Dietary trans fatty acids alter the compositions of microsomes and mitochondria and the activities of microsome delta6-fatty acids desaturase and glucose-6-phosphatase in livers of pregnant rats. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (8), 2526–2531.

Larque E., Perez-Llamas F., Puerta V., Giron M.D., Suarez M.D., Zamora S. et al.: Dietary trans fatty acids affect docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in plasma and liver but not brain of pregnant and fetal rats. Pediatr Res. 2000, 47 (2), 278–283.

Rosenthal M 23. .D., Doloresco M.A.: The effects of trans fatty acids on fatty acyl delta 5 desaturation by human skin fibroblasts. Lipids. 1984, 19 (11), 869–874.

Stachowska E., Dołęgowska B., Chlubek D., Wesołowska T., Ciechanowski K., Gutowski P. et al.: Dietary trans fatty acids composition of human atheromatous plaques. Eur J Nutr. 2004, 43 (5), 313–318.

Holman R.T., Pusch F., Svingen B., Dutton H.J.: Unusual isomeric polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver phospholipids of rats fed hydrogenated oil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88 (11), 4830–4834.

Hunter J.E.: Dietary trans fatty acids: review of recent human studies and food industry responses. Lipids. 2006, 41 (11), 967–992.

Martin C.A., Milinsk M.C., Visentainer J.V., Matsushita M., de-Souza N.E.:Trans fatty acid-forming processes in foods: a review. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2007, 79 (2), 343–350.

Mosley E.E., Powell G.L., Riley M.B., Jenkins T.C.: Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro. J Lipid Res. 2002, 43 (3), 290–296.

Botham K.M., Mayes P.A.: Lipidy o znaczeniu fizjologicznym. In: Biochemia Harpera. Eds. R.K. Murray. PZWL, Warszawa 2008, 149–161.

Aro A., Amaral E., Kesteloot H., Rimestad A., Thamm van Poppel G.: Trans fatty acids in french fries, soups, and snacks from 14 European countries: The TRANSFAIR study. J Food Comp Anal. 1998, 11 (2), 170–177.

Innis S.M., Green T.J., Halsey T.K.: Variability in the trans fatty acid content of foods within a food category: implications for estimation of dietary trans fatty acids intakes. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999, 18 (3), 255–260.

Gebauer S.K., Psota T.L., Kris-Etherton P.M.: The diversity of health effects of individual trans fatty acids isomers. Lipids. 2007, 42 (9), 787–799.

Kraft J., Hanske L., Mockel P., Zimmermann S., Hartl A., Kramer J.K. et al.: The conversion efficiency of trans-11 and trans-12 18:1 by delta 9 desaturation differs in rats. J Nutr. 2006, 136 (9), 1209–1214.

Wolff R.L., Precht D.: Reassessment of the contribution of bovine milk fats to the trans-18:1 isomeric acid consumption by European populations. Additional data for rumenic (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) acid. Lipids. 2002, 37 (12), 1149–1150.

McCloy U., Ryan M.A., Pencharz P.B., Ross R.J., Cunnane S.C.: A comparison of the metabolism of eighteen-carbon 13C-unsaturated fatty acids in healthy women. J Lipid Res. 2004, 45 (3), 474–485.

Moore C.E., Dhopeshwarkar G.A.: Placental transport of trans fatty acids in the rat. Lipids. 1980, 15 (12), 1023–1028.

Szabo E., Boehm G., Beermann C., Weyermann M., Brenner H., Rothenbacher D. et al.: Trans octadecenoic acid and trans octadecadienoic acid are inversely related to long-chain polyunsaturates in human milk: results of a large birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85 (5) 1320–1326.

Rudolph M.C., Neville M.C., Anderson S.M.: Lipid synthesis in lactation: diet and the fatty acid switch. J Mammary Gland Neoplasia. 2007, 12 (4), 269–281.

Koletzko B.: Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturates and growth in man. Acta Paediatr. 1992, 81 (4), 302–306.

Berghaus T.M., Demmelmair H., Koletzko B.: Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in maternal and cord plasma at birth. Eur J Pediatr. 1998, 157 (9), 763–768.

Elias S.L., Innis S.M.: Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 73 (4), 807–814.

Jakobik V., Burus I., Decsi T.: Fatty acids composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids in health subjects from birth to young adulthood. Eur J Pediatr. 2009, 168 (2), 141–147.

Koletzko B., Muller J.: Cis-and trans-isomeric fatty acids in plasma lipids of newborn infants and their mothers. Biol Neonate. 1990, 57 (3–4), 172–178.

Albuquerque K.T., Sardinha F.L., Telles M.M., Watanabe R.L., Nascimento C.M., Tavares do Carmo M.G. et al.: Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult off spring. Nutrition. 2006, 22 (7–8), 820–829.

Herrera E.: Implications of dietary fatty acids during pregnancy on placental, fetal and postnatal development – a review. Placenta. 2002, 23 (Suppl. A), S9–S19.

Barker D.J.: In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998, 95 (2), 115–128.

Godfrey K.M., Barker D.J.: Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr. 2001, 4 (2), 611–624.

Turpeinen A.M., Mutanen M., Aro A., Salminen I., Basu S., Palmquist D.L. et al.: Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 76 (3), 504–510.

Koletzko B., Mrotzek M., Bremer H.J.: Fatty acids composition of mature human milk in Germany. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988, 47 (6), 954–959.

Del Prado M., Villalpando S., Elizondo A., Rodriguez M., Demmelmair H., Koletzko B.: Contribution of dietary and newly formed arachidonic acid to human milk lipids in women eating a low-fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 74 (2), 242–247.

Innis S.M., King D.J.: Trans fatty acids in human milk are inversely associated with concentrations of essential all-cis n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and determine trans, but not n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in plasma lipids of breast-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70 (3), 383–390.

Decsi T., Burus I., Molnar S., Minda H., Veitl V.: Inverse association between trans isomeric and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cord blood lipids of full term-infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 74 (3), 364–368.

Decsi T., Boehm G., Tjoonk H.M., Molnar S., Dijck-Brouwer D.A., Hadders-Algra M. et al.: Trans isomeric octadecenoic acids are related inversely to arachidonic acid and DHA and positively related to mead acid in umbilical vessel wall lipids. Lipids. 2002, 37 (10), 959–965.

Decsi T., Koletzko B.: Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in early human neurodevelopment. Nutr Neurosci. 2000, 3, 293–306.

Carlson S.E., Clandinin M.T., Cook H.W., Emken E.A., Filer J.L. Jr.: Trans Fatty acids: infant and fetal development. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997, 66 (3), 715S–736S.

von Houwelingen A.C., Hornstra G.: Trans fatty acids in early human development. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1994, 75, 175–178.

Bouwstra H., Dijck-Brouwer J., Decsi T., Boehm G., Boersma E.R., Muskiet F.A. et al.: Neurologic condition of healthy term infants at 18 months: positive association with venous umbilical DHA status and negative association with umbilical trans-fatty acids. Pediatr Res. 2006, 60 (3), 334–339.

Zevenbergen J.L., Houtsmuller U.M., Gottenbos J.J.: Linoleic acid requirement of rats fed trans fatty acids. Lipids. 1988, 23 (3), 178–186.

Dirix C.E., Kester A.D., Hornstra G.: Associations between term birth dimensions and prenatal exposure to essential and trans fatty acids. Early Hum Dev. 2009, 85 (8), 525–530.

Rice B.H., Kraft J., Destaillats F., Bauman D.E., Lock A.L.: Ruminant-produced trans-fatty acids raise plasma total and small HDL particle concentrations in male hartley guinea pigs. J Nutr. 2010, 140 (12), 2173–2179.

Chardigny J.M., Destaillats F., Malpuech-Brugere C., Moulin J., Bauman D.E., Lock A.L. et al.: Do trans fatty acids from industrially produced sources and from natural sources have the same effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects? Results of the trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008, 87 (3), 558–566.

Motard-Belanger A., Charest A., Grenier G., Paquin P., Chouinard Y., Lemieux S. et al.: Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008, 87 (3), 593–599.

Tholstrup T., Raff M., Basu S., Nonboe P., Sejrsen K., Straarup E.M.: Effects of butter high in ruminant trans and monounsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins, incorporation of fatty acids into lipid classes, plasma C-reactive protein, oxidative stress, hemostatic variables, and insulin in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 83 (2), 237–243.

Sun Q., Ma J., Campos H., Hankinson S.E., Hu F.B.: Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86 (1), 74–81.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.52

Copyright (c) 2016 Dominika Jamioł-Milc, Ewa Stachowska, Tomasz Janus, Anna Barcz, Dariusz Chlubek

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/